Blog - Articles & Trainings
HAZMAT Protection Levels
March 12 2017
There are 4 levels of protection as designated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) workers. The levels are Level A, Level B, Level C and ...
Read MoreDOT Certification Training
February 11 2017
The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) requires certification training for individuals offering hazardous materials for transportation on public highways, rail, water or by air. These ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Test Answers
February 1 2017
Our Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) courses provide test answers at the end of each module. At completion of a module, there is a quiz with 4 questions for a student to ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Certificate Requirements
January 16 2017
In accordance with OSHA regulations 29 CFR 1910.120, the following elements are required for a HAZWOPER Certificate. This information was obtained from 29 CFR 1910.120 Appendix E (Non-Mandatory ...
Read MoreOSHA Approved Training?
December 27 2016
This article addresses the question "Does OSHA approve training?" It has been a long-standing policy by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in Washington, D.C., to not ...
Read More40 Hour HAZWOPER Training: Who Needs It?
December 21 2016
Personnel involved in the cleanup and restoration of contaminated sites must have the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 40 Hour HAZWOPER Training (HAZWOPER 40) ...
Read MoreWhat Is HAZWOPER?
December 15 2016
HAZWOPER /HAZ-waw-per/ is defined as Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response. Congress enacted legislation requiring that both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the ...
Read MoreWaste Management Principles for Manufacturing Facilities
December 5 2016
Managing a manufacturing facility always comes with a number of challenges that must be met on a routine basis—this is true no matter the industry in question. Often, the facility generates or ...
Read MoreGuidelines for Machine Safeguarding
October 25 2016
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that machine guarding be provided and maintained in a manner sufficient to protect machine operators and other persons present in ...
Read MoreResponding to Hurricane Matthew
October 19 2016
When calamity strikes, first responders rush to the front lines. Their job is to save lives, deal with pressing hazards, and repair the damage inflicted by disasters. Well versed in HAZWOPER ...
Read MoreThe Environmental Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
September 19 2016
On September 30, 2016, the nation’s movie theaters will begin screening a major motion picture that dramatizes one of the biggest natural disasters of the 21st century. The film is Deepwater ...
Read More24hour vs 40hour HAZWOPER
September 9 2016
So, what's the big difference between the two other than the amount of time to complete each one? The 24-hour training is aimed primarily at individuals who will work at contaminated sites and ...
Read MoreHAZMAT Certification Requirements
August 22 2016
The transportation of hazardous materials (HAZMAT) impacts the American economy and our way of life. We use oil and natural gas to heat and cool homes and businesses, produce electricity, and provide ...
Read MoreRequirements for RCRA Hazardous Waste Generators
August 4 2016
The handling of hazardous waste is regulated by a number of laws at the local, state, and national levels. For obvious reasons, persons involved in the business of hazardous waste management need to ...
Read MoreEmergency Response Planning
July 27 2016
Emergencies happen. The key to preventing a critical situation from spiraling out of control is putting in place a comprehensive emergency response plan. As part of their contingency strategy, ...
Read MoreOSHA's HAZWOPER Standard
July 27 2016
Handling hazardous substances is a perilous occupation. Thankfully, there are steps every operator can take to minimize the risks associated with managing dangerous materials. In order to ensure the ...
Read MoreEffective Hazmat First Response
July 7 2016
Emergency responders are crucial to the outcome of hazardous waste disasters, and are responsible for minimizing damage. Inability to respond appropriately to hazardous material emergencies can ...
Read MoreWorkplace Fatality and Injury/Illness Data
June 25 2016
OSHA has helped reduce the number of workplace fatalities greatly: Before its inception in 1971, 14,000 workers were killed on the job every year. Due to increased vigilance and the standards set by ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Certification Requirements
June 11 2016
HAZWOPER or HAZMAT Offensive Responders In compliance with the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.120 regulations, HAZWOPER certification is required for ...
Read MoreHow The HAZWOPER Hands-on Simulator® Changed the Training Industry
May 26 2016
Due to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) acceptance of our HAZWOPER Hands-on Simulator®, employers have changed the manner in which they train their employees. (A ...
Read MoreTop 10 Most Hazardous Chemicals in the Workplace
May 20 2016
Hazardous waste may not be in the news every day, but the statistics are still alarming: Over 400 million tons of hazardous waste are produced each year. Most of those come from industrial sources: ...
Read MoreHistory of HAZWOPER Training
May 17 2016
HAZWOPER (Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response) is a set of standards that provides guidance to workers who work with hazardous materials/substances. Workers who deal with ...
Read MoreThe 40-Hour HAZWOPER Course: What to Expect?
May 10 2016
If you’re on this website, then, in all likelihood, you don’t need to be lectured about the importance of proper management of hazardous goods and waste products—there’s a ...
Read MoreOSHA Audit: Impress Them With Time and Motion Study
January 10 2016
Time and motion studies should be performed by all employers to evaluate how much work a person can perform safely. Once this is determined, an employer can assign the proper resources for the task ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Lapsed Training or Certification?
August 7 2015
Have you let your HAZWOPER training or certification lapse? OSHA has written an interpretation letter on the issue. Essentially, the letter states the decision to repeat the initial HAZWOPER ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Decontamination Practices
July 22 2015
HAZWOPER decontamination methods vary in their effectiveness for removing different substances. The effectiveness of any decontamination method should be assessed at the beginning of a program and ...
Read MoreLead Medical Surveillance Program
July 21 2015
The employer must institute a medical surveillance program for all employees who are or may be exposed at or above the action level for more than 30 days in any 12 consecutive months. The employer ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER & Lead Based Paint Worker Monitoring
July 21 2015
HAZWOPER and Construction Medical Assessment For Lead Based Paint When a construction employee is occupationally exposed to lead at or above the action level of 30 µg/m3 on any one day in ...
Read MoreUseful Construction Safety Tips
July 21 2015
Working with tools and heavy equipment is a major hazard at construction sites. Injuries can result from equipment hitting or running over personnel, impacts from flying objects, burns from hot ...
Read MoreOSHA Head Protection Guidelines
July 21 2015
Protecting employees from potential head injuries is a key element of any safety program which is covered in the hazmat online classes course. A head injury can impair an employee for life or it can ...
Read MoreHazardous Materials Chemical Exposures
July 21 2015
While performing work at a Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) site, personnel must have training sufficient to effectively protect them against unnecessary chemical ...
Read MoreOSHA Respirator Key Definitions
July 20 2015
Air-purifying respirator. A respirator with an air-purifying filter, cartridge or canister that removes specific air contaminants by passing ambient air through the air-purifying element. Assigned ...
Read MoreEffective Respiratory Protection Program
July 19 2015
Employee Training and Information One of the key elements in an effective respiratory protection program is employee training. Before employees use a respirator in the workplace, they must ...
Read MoreRespiratory Hazards in the Workplace
July 19 2015
Exposure Assessment Respiratory protection should never be used either as a primary solution or as the only solution for controlling employee exposure to harmful airborne contaminants. Rather, ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Site IDLH Monitoring
July 19 2015
Monitoring for IDLH and Other Dangerous Conditions at HAZWOPER Sites As a first step, air monitoring should be conducted to identify any Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) and other ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Decontamination
July 18 2015
Decontamination The process of removing or neutralizing contaminants that have accumulated on personnel and equipment is critical to health and safety at hazardous waste sites. Decontamination ...
Read MoreWhat Is HAZCOM?
July 18 2015
OSHA's Hazard Communication (HAZCOM) standard (HCS) is designed to protect against chemical source illnesses and injuries by ensuring that employers and employees are provided with sufficient ...
Read MoreHazardous Waste Site Security
July 14 2015
Site security for hazardous waste sites and cleanup sites (HAZWOPER) is essential in protecting authorized personnel, workers, visitors and the local community. Listed below are some helpful tip ...
Read MoreOSHA HAZWOPER Work Zones
July 13 2015
The following presents the 3 main Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) Work Zones for personnel engaged in cleanup of contaminated sites. These zones can also be used for ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Worker Acclimatization
July 12 2015
The degree to which a worker's body has physiologically adjusted or acclimatized to working under hot conditions affects his or her ability to do work. Acclimatized individuals generally have lower ...
Read MoreHeat Stress
July 12 2015
Because the incidence of heat stress depends on a variety of factors, all workers, even those not wearing protective equipment, should be monitored. HAZWOPER workers wearing permeable clothing ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Site Communication Methods
July 11 2015
Two sets of communication systems should be established: internal communication among personnel on site, and external communication between onsite and offsite personnel. Internal communication is ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER PPE Ensembles Considerations
July 11 2015
Work Mission Duration A routine should be established and practiced periodically for donning a fully-encapsulating suit/Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) ensemble. Assistance should be ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER/HAZMAT Medical Exams
July 9 2015
HAZWOPER/HAZMAT medical examinations should be developed and used in conjunction with pre-employment screening examinations. Comparison of sequential medical reports with baseline data is essential ...
Read MoreSelection of Chemical-Protective Clothing (CPC)
July 6 2015
Chemical-protective clothing (CPC) is available in a variety of materials that offer a range of protection against different chemicals. The most appropriate clothing material will depend on the ...
Read MoreOSHA HAZWOPER Exposure Key Definitions
July 6 2015
Once the presence and concentrations of specific chemicals or classes of chemicals have been established, the hazards associated with these chemicals must be determined. This is done by referring to ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Site Survey
July 6 2015
The purpose of an onsite survey is to verify and supplement information from the offsite characterization. Prior to going on site, the offsite characterization should be used to develop a Site Safety ...
Read MoreSite Health and Safety Plan
July 5 2015
Anyone who enters a hazardous waste site must recognize and understand the potential hazards to health and safety associated with the cleanup of that site. Personnel actively involved in cleanup must ...
Read MoreOSHA Respiratory Protection Program
July 5 2015
Many different types and levels of inhalation hazards exist on a hazardous waste site. Waste site workers need to thoroughly understand the different types of respiratory equipment available, ...
Read MoreHydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Conditions
July 5 2015
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) gas is very corrosive and causes metals to become brittle. Therefore, employers need to take special precautions when choosing equipment when they may reasonably expect to ...
Read MoreExcavation Safety Tips
July 3 2015
Surface encumbrances All excavation surface encumbrances that are located so as to create a hazard to employees must be removed or supported, as necessary, to safeguard employees. Underground ...
Read MoreMeth Lab Discharges
July 2 2015
While various states have issued regulations on the decontamination of meth labs, the health and safety of workers still comes under the purview of OSHA. This can either be U.S. OSHA or an OSHA Plan ...
Read MoreCompressed Gas Cylinders Handling
July 2 2015
1. Before cylinders are first used the following precautions should be taken: • Make sure the cylinder is equipped with the correct regulator. • Inspect the regulator and cylinder valves ...
Read MoreOSHA and MSHA Inspections
July 1 2015
This blog contains general information about the inspection process from different regulatory agencies governing worker safety. All employees should be aware of the inspection procedures of these ...
Read MoreSupplied-Air Respirators (SARs)
June 30 2015
Supplied-air respirators (also known as air-line respirators) supply air, never oxygen, to a facepiece via a supply line from a stationary source. SARs are available in positive-pressure and ...
Read MoreSelf-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
June 30 2015
A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) usually consists of a facepiece connected by a hose and a regulator to an air source (compressed air, compressed oxygen, or an oxygen-generating chemical) ...
Read MoreAir-Purifying Respirators
June 30 2015
Air-purifying respirators consist of a facepiece and an air-purifying device, which is either a removable component of the facepiece or an air-purifying apparatus worn on a body harness and attached ...
Read MoreHazardous Waste Site Characterization
June 30 2015
Hazardous waste site characterization provides the information needed to identify site hazards and to select worker protection methods. The more accurate, detailed, and comprehensive the information ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER SIte: Characterization and Entry
June 29 2015
Background 29 CFR 1910.120 requires personnel monitoring to be conducted on hazardous waste site employees. Personnel sampling is broken down into three categories; • initial site entry air ...
Read More40 Hour HAZWOPER Card
June 29 2015
Anyone who enters a HAZWOPER site must recognize and understand the potential hazards to health and safety associated with the cleanup of that site. Personnel actively involved in cleanup must be ...
Read MoreHAZMAT Responder Fitness for Duty
June 25 2015
Determination of Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) Responder Fitness for Duty Responders at hazardous materials (HAZMAT) or HAZWOPER sites are often required to perform strenuous tasks (e.g., moving ...
Read MoreDOT HAZMAT Shipping Key Definitions
June 25 2015
What are the DOT HAZMAT Shipping Key Definitions? Dangerous goods: Interchangeable with the term "hazardous materials" and mainly used in connection with air shipments of regulated ...
Read MoreConfined Space Maintenance
June 25 2015
The technical depth of confined space training maintenance procedures vary. Manufacturers frequently restrict the sale of certain PPE parts to individuals or groups who are specially trained, ...
Read MoreOSHA Confined Space Regulation and Requirements
June 25 2015
The OSHA regulation 29 CFR 1910.146 defines roles and responsibilities for confined space entry. The regulation requires that this program provide a basis for prevention of accidents and fatalities ...
Read MoreWhat are the highlights of the OSHA scaffolding standard?
June 25 2015
OSHA's scaffolding standard has several key provisions: • Fall protection or fall arrest systems—Each employee more than 10 feet above a lower level shall be protected from falls by ...
Read MoreResource Conservation and Recovery Act
June 24 2015
Introduction In 1976, Congress passed the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) mandating the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop and implement a program to ...
Read MoreRCRA Annual Refresher Training
June 24 2015
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 40 CFR 262.34(a)(4) RCRA training states that large quantity generator (LQG) waste management personnel must be trained in accordance with the requirements ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Personal Protective Equipment Levels for Employees
June 24 2015
According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), HAZWOPER trainees must adhere to four levels of personal protective equipment (PPE). These four levels were created to ...
Read MoreConfined Space Entry Permit
June 23 2015
Develop Confined Space Entry Permits The Confined Space Entry Permit is the major tool in assuring safety during entry into confined spaces with known hazards or with unknown ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER PPE Levels of Protection
June 21 2015
Knowledge of the different HAZWOPER levels and types of personal protective equipment (PPE) is important because of the many different types of hazards found on a hazardous waste site. The worker ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Respirator Protection Factors
June 21 2015
So, how do we measure the chemical concentration of a respirator for HAZWOPER work? After the oxygen content has been determined for a HAZWOPER site, and after the chemical has been identified and ...
Read MoreWhat is CBRNE?
June 20 2015
What is Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRNE)? CBRNE is an acronym for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and high yield Explosives. These types of weapons have the ...
Read MoreIncident Commander (IC) Training as Required by OSHA
June 20 2015
Incident Commander Description OSHA Best Practices for Hospital-Based First Receivers of Victims from Mass Casualty Incidents Involving the Release of Hazardous Substances HAZWOPER Incident ...
Read MoreOSHA 40 Hour HAZWOPER Training
June 20 2015
When you engage your employees to work in a hazardous waste contaminated site, here are some helpful ideas to remember when training your personnel to the OSHA 40 Hour HAZWOPER certification ...
Read MoreProtecting Workers from Effects of Heat
June 16 2015
During emergency response activities or recovery operations, workers may be required to work in hot environments, and sometimes for extended periods. When the body is unable to cool itself by ...
Read MoreWhat Is HAZWOPER 24 Training?
June 13 2015
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires specialized training for workers who may be exposed to hazardous waste materials while on the job. There are different types of ...
Read MoreHow HAZWOPER Training Helps Hospital Staff
June 13 2015
Hospitals are meant to provide relief and healing to those who visit. This needs to be the goal of each one as an institution, and the people who work there need to do everything that they can to ...
Read MoreWhat is OSHA 10-hour Training?
June 13 2015
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a federal agency under the US Department of Labor that helps to make sure that workers are safe on the job. In order to make sure that ...
Read MoreOSHA Construction Training Helps Keep Construction Sites Accident-Free
June 13 2015
Maintaining safe workplace policies and surroundings is the primary goal of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which is tasked with preventing on-the-job accidents and ...
Read MoreWhy Healthcare Workers Take HAZWOPER Training
June 13 2015
The Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard (HAZWOPER) covers employees in various industries who have been exposed to hazardous substances or those who have potentially been ...
Read MoreWould You Know Asbestos If You Saw It?
June 13 2015
There is more to National Environmental Trainers' classes than Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for Hazardous Waste and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). Although it is a ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Training Serves Many Industries With One Same Goal
June 13 2015
While most people who need Hazardous Waste and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) training consider themselves knowledgeable in what it is for and when it might be needed, many people never think beyond ...
Read MoreDo All Hospital Workers Require First Responder HAZWOPER Training?
June 13 2015
When there is a hazardous waste spill or contamination event, the idea is that injured people can be helped. Whether it's by on-scene workers with medical training or outside emergency workers and ...
Read MoreNational Security Threat Level Increase Affects Potential HAZWOPER Responders
June 13 2015
In the event of a rise in the threat level for national security, it is important for those who work in places that use hazardous materials or perform clean-up to be even more alert than usual. While ...
Read More8-Hr HAZWOPER Refresher Training Options
June 13 2015
Employees that are Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) certified must take annual 8-hr HAZWOPER refresher training. There are several different ways to do this within ...
Read MoreNationwide Uniformity in HAZWOPER Training Enables Workers to Assist Anywhere
June 13 2015
Uniform training nationwide is critical for those working with hazardous materials. The practical applications of Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) training are far ...
Read MoreImportance HAZWOPER Training in Unexpected Disasters
June 13 2015
With the recent earthquakes, we are reminded of the importance of safety training and being prepared for the worst. While no one likes to think about the possibility of catastrophes taking place, it ...
Read MoreHAZCOM and HAZWOPER
June 3 2015
Beginning June 1, 2015 OSHA requires chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers to provide a common approach to classifying chemicals and effectively communicating this information ...
Read MoreMass Exodus from HAZWOPER Classroom Training?
May 6 2015
Lately, there has been a mass exodus from public seminar classroom training across all industries. More and more employers are requiring their employees to train online rather than sending them ...
Read MoreWho Owns Your HAZWOPER Certificate?
May 26 2015
During the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill, many people were in need of HAZWOPER training. The BP oil slick was a threat to the environment as well as the way of life in the Gulf Coast. There was a tremendous ...
Read MoreWhat If You Fail The HAZWOPER Course?
April 4 2015
Those taking Hazardous Waste and Operations Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) training courses are required to pass before they receive certification. Our National Environmental Trainers® courses are ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER versus HAZMAT
April 2 2015
Many people confuse the terms Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) and Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT). The terms are very similar but their meanings differ considerably. ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Definition
March 24 2015
One of the most frequently asked questions we encounter at National Environmental Trainers is: What does HAZWOPER stand for? It is an unusual-looking acronym that stands for Hazardous Waste ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Simulator With Site-Specific Training
March 20 2015
Simulators Emphasize the Importance of Personal Protective Equipment When it comes to Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) training, some people find it easier to train onsite ...
Read MoreCorporate Training Portal
March 18 2015
Is Corporate Portal Training Right For You? National Environmental Trainers offers a special type of online training that is specifically designed for individual companies or organizations. It ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER and RCRA Corrective Action
March 7 2015
If your facility has a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Part B permit for the treatment, storage, and/or disposal of hazardous waste, any remedial action will come under the purview of ...
Read MoreHAZWOPER Program Implementation
March 1 2015
What important items should you know and be aware of when creating a HAZWOPER program for your facility? We have researched the subject and provided an excellent overview of items you must consider. ...
Read MoreU.S. EPA Universal Hazardous Waste Manifest Forms
February 17 2015
If you are looking for the EPA's Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest forms, please find them below. Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest and Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest Continuation Sheet These forms ...
Read MoreU.S. EPA Revises Recycling Hazardous Waste Rule
February 8 2015
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has revised a rule regarding the recycling of hazardous waste materials. The EPA revised the Definition of Solid Waste under the Resource ...
Read MoreSpace Shuttle Columbia Cleanup
February 1 2015
The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster occurred on February 1, 2003, when Columbia disintegrated over Texas and Louisiana as it reentered Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven crew members. A wide scale ...
Read MoreExperience Matters
February 1 2015
Experience Matters in HAZWOPER Training How do you know if you’re getting the right training under Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations? Make sure that your ...
Read MoreTraining Regulation
November 5 2014
This video provides a great overview of the various HAZWOPER job classifications and respective training requirements. If you want to view a video instead of reading about HAZWOPER's course ...
Read MoreEbola HAZMAT Training
November 5 2014
The Ebola virus is transmitted through direct contact with the blood or body fluids/substances (e.g., urine, feces, vomit) of an infected person with symptoms or through exposure to objects (such as ...
Read MoreUnique Regulation
November 5 2014
There are many reasons why OSHA HAZWOPER regulation is unique. Our certification contains minimum time requirements for courses and is sometimes competency based. Also, training may be administered ...
Read MoreMeth Lab Remediation
November 5 2014
OSHA requires that personnel entering a suspected clandestine methamphetamine (meth) lab to be trained to the HAZWOPER standard. Meth labs are considered to be very dangerous operations for law ...
Read MoreTraining for Oil Spills
November 5 2014
OSHA has issued special directives or guidance documents with respect to marine oil spill cleanup. According to these documents, some of the HAZWOPER training requirements maybe be lessened. For ...
Read MoreFirst Online Training
November 5 2014
The online HAZWOPER training industry began in 1998 when our company published the first online HAZWOPER Refresher training course. Since this time, many companies have seen the great value that ...
Read More24 Hour Training
November 5 2014
Which Workers at Permitted Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities Need Training? There is a 24 hour training requirement for workers involved in hazardous waste operations, and an ...
Read MoreGeneral Site Certification
November 5 2014
Without question, this is the largest pool of people requiring HAZWOPER certification. This may change as the contaminated sites are slowly remediated. These contaminated sites are placed on the ...
Read MoreHands On Training
November 5 2014
What is Hands-on Training for 24 Hour and 40 Hour HAZWOPER? OSHA has stated in many interpretation letters that 40 hour and 24 hour sessions require site-specific hands-on learning on the actual PPE ...
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